فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 69 (بهار 1399)

This study aimed to investigate the spatial variability of soil characteristics, digital map and assess the best method of interpolation was performed. In this study, 62 points sampled from topsoil Karun East region were examined. These include the percentage of sand, silt, clay, EC, phosphorus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, calcium carbonate, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable sodium percentage is the sodium adsorption ratio. After the normalization of variables with different methods, first of all they draw the most appropriate theoretical model variograms fitted to experimental data gestated. Choose a suitable model for geostatistics studied characteristics, estimators kriging and cokriging in the GS+, was evaluated. Choose a suitable model based on the least error occurred MAE and RMSE. The draw Varyvgramhay kriging parameters of sand, silt, clay, calcium carbonate, cation exchange capacity, sodium absorption ratio of Gaussian, exponential organic carbon, total neutron, phosphorus spherical models were used. Kriging was used for other variables. Studies show that the Gaussian kriging model most used in the preparation of a digital map of soil variables. The silt highest (94,552 meters) and total nitrogen, the highest (2750 m) the impact in the region. Arc GIS software developed digital maps of soil variables and + GS represents the limestone in the area of the region. Soils and sodium and are deficient in organic matter.

Probability distributions and different mixed regression models are used to study of wet and dry spells. In this study, eight stations on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea were used for 55 years (1960 to 2015). One and two day wet spells are the most frequent in the area. Also, four and higher days wet spells in the western region is more than the east. The best probability distributions of wet spells are two-parameter gamma, two parameter normal log, two parameter logistic log, four-parameter generalized gamma, generalized three parameters gamma, two-parameter gamma, three-parameter gamma and a three-parameter logistic log. Also, the dry spells of the region are better fitted with generalized Parto, generalized logistics and generalized extreme value distributions. Due to the random behavior of the annual wet and dry spells, the best generalized linear mixed model for wet spells is the negative binomial log, Log Poisson, log normal and gamma logarithmic, also the Log Poisson, log normal and the negative binomial distribution was determined for the annual dry spells.</div>

 As a serviceable tool for land-use management, the optimal allocation of land-use plays an important role in the full exploitation of land-use potential and maintenance of land–ecosystem balance. Land-use allocation is a spatial optimization problem that primarily involves the assignment of specific land activities to suitable land units through a spatial search to optimize land location and type. Evaluation and multi-objective allocation of Land use is a resource allocation decision that evaluates the Suitability of each land unit for different land use alternatives. The purpose of this method is to achieve optimal allocation of land use and maximize the suitability between them. Compaction and continuity are also important goals in land use planning for sustainability. During the optimization process, it is difficult to extract logical solutions without considering such a goal.Numerous methods have been employed to optimize land allocation. In the early stages, various mathematical methods, such as linear programming and integer programming, were commonly used. Recently, meta-heuristic algorithms have received more attention from scholars, and these methods, which include artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing (SA) and ant algorithms, can effectively solve complex spatial optimization problems. Scholars have also applied other metaheuristic algorithms, including ant colony algorithms, artificial immune systems and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms, for land-use allocation.Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which simulates the foraging behavior of honey bees, was conceived by Karaboga (2005). The ABC algorithm has been found to be effective and capable of producing good results at a low computational cost in both continuous and discrete domains.

In this study, using artificial bee colony (ABC) in MATLAB software, considering the continuity and compaction criterion was defined in land use allocation. This algorithm, consists of a information-based pseudorandom initialization method for initial solutions and pseudorandom search strategy consist of cross over and mutation for neighborhood searches.land-use allocation typically involves K types of land use in a study area that can be abstracted into two-dimensional raster data with R rows and C columns. Each cell (i,j) in the raster data can be assigned only one land-use type according to certain constraints, which typically involve multiple decision criteria. Where the weights of criteria can be obtained using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. In order to evaluate the efficiency of this algorithm was compared with MOLA approach in the Idrisi software in terms of suitability, and landscape metrics assigned to each user.

  The new approach consists of a information-based pseudorandom initialization method for initial solutions and pseudorandom search strategy for neighborhood searches; together, these methods substantially improve the search efficiency and quality when handling spatial data in large areas.The results showed that ABC in land use allocation, while presenting appropriate results for the amount of suitability for each land use, provided more suitable results in terms of Compaction and continuity of land use patches, and as an appropriate approach to allocate Optimal land use can be applied.

From the Perspective of strategic knowledge, one of the methods for preventing crises is knowing the nature of crises. Whatever the different dimensions of crises are studied further, a better and more complete understanding will be achieved. On the other hand, recognizing the crises in each region plays a major role in establishing peaceful relations and in spite of the existence of tensions with the countries of that region. Some of these crises are afforded essentially a geopolitical nature. Less region such as South Asia, which can clearly explain geopolitical crises. South Asia has experienced decades of conflict since World War II, and geopolitical crises are features of the region. This paper analyzes the geopolitical crises of South Asia by descriptive-analytic method. The results of this paper show that the quality of geopolitical crises in South Asia is influenced by factors such as the competition of intra-regional powers, territorial crises, water crises, and ethnic-religious crises

For landscapes and natural phenomena, the face of the earth has always been subject to change. The increase in population and the excessive use of land has increased the pressure on the environment.Therefore, in order to optimize the management of natural areas, awareness of land use is considered as an urgent requirement In this study, a pixel-based classification approach based on ENVI 5.3 software and an object-oriented approach using eCognition software was used to prepare the land use map of Susangerd County with Landsat 8 satellite OLI sensor. In order to compare the results, both methods used the same educational data for classification. Then, the most important methods for assessing accuracy including precision and kappa coefficient of classification were extracted and it was determined that the maximum optimal algorithm in the base pixel classification method compared with other algorithms, 9% show better results. But in contrast to the object-oriented classification method, about 1% (in particular, precise and precise classification) results in higher accuracy in the classification of images. The amount of accuracy in the object-oriented classification-based method depends largely on choosing the appropriate parameters for classification, defining the rules, and applying the appropriate algorithm to obtain the degree of membership.

Landslide represents morphodynamic processes that occur in steep terrain and the residential, industrial, gardens and arable land damage. In this study, the zoning landslide in the basin Songurchay Multilayer Perceptron model was used. For this purpose, the data of 124 landslides were identified and presented to the system. In addition to processing landslide in the software MATLAB, 7 layers of layers of slope, aspect, DEM, lithology, hydrographic network, NDVI and the distribution of landslides in Arc GIS software was drawn. Layers based on the normalized value for each layer in the range between 1 and zero respectively. Then 80% of the data for training and 20% for test data selection and the structure of the multilayer perceptron model were analyzed. Due to the nonlinear relationship between the phenomenon of landslides sigmoid transfer function was used. For this study, the number of neurons in the middle layer was changed from 5 to 20 and 18 neuron network with minimal error in the training and testing was. The learning rate of weight change in control, from 0.1 to 0.3 was tested with the 0.3 network to achieve the best learning. Finally, with respect to the weight of the output, landslide zonation map was drawn. The results showed that the geological structure of the mountains made of high potential benefit in the event of landslides.

Human activities often leave inconsistent impacts on land landscapes and ecosystems. The current research was conducted to investigate the changes in land use based on analyzing the land landscape plot metrics using remote sensing and GIS in Miandoab city.  For this purpose, spot and sentinel images with 10-cm resolution were prepared for the years 2005 and 2017. Then, images were classified after performing pre-processing and radiometric corrections in the ENVI 5.1 software, using artificial neural network algorithm. It should be noted 7 classes, including water zones, salt marsh, rangelands, garden lands, agriculture lands, arid lands, and human-made lands) were extracted using this algorithm.  Finally, after verifying the results, the changes were calculated and land surface land landscape metrics were calculated to quantify structural changes using the FRAGSTAT software.  The results analysis indicated that human-made lands (28.77 km2), garden lands (143.61 km2), salt marsh (2.53 km2) increased in the study area and other land uses decreased. CA metric also shows the same changes. Metric investigation of number of spots also showed that the current land uses in this city is unstable, so that garden lands increased from 1611 spots in 2005 to 4912 spots in 2017, and other land uses showed the similar increase. By comparing and examining the results and metrics obtained, it could be stated that land landscape structure in Miandoab in the current situation is in the disturbance situation due to the destruction and inappropriate use of resources, indicating the destruction development process in this area. This research results emphasize on the need to pay more attention to the sustainable exploitation of the land and prevent its destruction in this city.

At the intra-rural level, the term "rural form" can be defined as the physical structure and pattern of rural elements and in other words, defines rural form as the spatial pattern of the large, inert, permanent physical objects in a rural. In this regard, five general/ basic elements of rural Form are building type; infrastructures; land use; density; layout that base is for assay, evaluation and or organizing (renovation) of rural deteriorated textures (RDT); because of Rural deteriorated texture (RDT) is often created without any pre-defined plans and they have irregular structures. Thus, they need planning and coordinated intervention so that they could be organized. In this regards, yet scientifically appraisal has been not for Basic elements ranking for organizing of rural deteriorated textures. On the other hand, Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method has been introducing as a one of the most application ranking methods recently. Therefore, research aim is use Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method for ranking and evaluation of rural deteriorated textures with emphasis on Basic elements of rural Form. 

The method of this research was descriptive and usage; Data gathering was done through library and field. 260 rural household questionnaires & 15 local manager in fifteen of rural deteriorated textures in the metropolises around of Tehran in eight provinces of the Tehran province selected (by using Kernel Density Estimation methods (KDE) & GIS software) and 15 questionnaires of the expert researchers (to have weight to criterias) were described and analyzed. In research being implemented by using the known indicators through entropy method & with regard to their importance are weighted & then being ranked according to these indicators & Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method. Too, being used SPSS and EXCEL. 

Based on the results of criterias, Saleh abad sharghi rural is more favorable in Basic elements of rural Form and Then are to arrangement; Ghaleh boland rural, Hesar mehtar, Atashan, Mazdaran, Ramin, Hasan abad bagherof, Zavareh bid, Hesar koochak, Vastar, Jafar abad bagherof, Ghoeinak rakhshani, Kabir abad; Yahar, Mashhad firuzkuh by use Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method. 

Findings of the research show that the fifteen rural studied are different in terms of the status of the existing rural form (elements and components); that is to say Mashhad-e-firoozkouh rural is unfavorable compared to other rural areas in the existing status of Basic elements of rural Form and Then are to arrangement; Yahar rural, Kabir abad, Ghooeinak rakhshani, Jafar abad bagherof, Vastar, Hesar koochak, Zavareh bid, Hasan abad bagherof, Ramin, Mazdaran, Atashan, Hesar mehtar, Ghaleh boland, and ultimately Saleh abad sharghi are located in the east. In general, the current status of the rural form in Damavand province has less favorable conditions than other province; and Then are to arrangement; Pishva provinces, Tehran, Shahriar, Rei, Varamin, Firoozkuh, and ultimately Robat karim are located in the east. Hence, due to the undesirable condition of the rural form (elements and components), especially in nine of the above mentioned rural (including Mashhad firouzkuh, yahar, kabir abad, Ghoeinak rakhshani, Jafar abad bagherof, Vastar, Hesare koochak, Zavareh bid, Hasan abad bagherof) or Particularly in five provinces (including Damavand, Pishva, Tehran, Shahriar, Rei), it is necessary to organizing (renovation) in various dimension of simultaneously and balanced with the participation and cooperation of the local people (as the main actors) and the organizations and institutions Concerned (public, private, and NGOs as facilitators).

Landslides are one of the most common and dangerous threats in the world that generate considerable damage and economic losses. Landslides detection and monitoring are two important research aspects of landslides analysis. There are different geodetic and non-geodetic methods to measure slope instability. Geodetic methods includes ground observations via GPS, Total Station and laser scanners. Observation based on mentioned methods provide accurate and continuous measurements at limited points in unstable regions, but none of them has the ability to determine the extent and pattern of spatial unstable regions. On the other hand, the repetition of each of these methods, especially when it is intended for a large area, is very costly and time-consuming. The existence of such constraints has always been one of the fundamental challenges faced by researchers in relation to precise measurements and spatial monitoring of land surface changes. Due to the fact that landslides directly affect the surface of the earth, the use of remote sensing techniques in instability studies of the slopes seems to be very suitable. Among the remote sensing techniques, radar interferometry (InSAR), capable of working in all weather conditions and the duration of night and day, is one of the most effective and efficient techniques for detecting and monitoring the steady change of the earth's surface. Of course, the lack of spatial and temporal correlations in available radar images limits the use of conventional radar interferometry to monitor the displacement of ground level. Persistent Scatter Interferometry (PSI) is the advanced InSAR technique which has significantly improved upon traditional InSAR methods by increasing the accuracy of results (millimeter scale precision). The main objective of this project was to detection and monitoring of Ahar Chai sub basin landslides based on PSI technique.

This landslide with an area of about 42 hectares is located near the village of Dupiagh, located in Ahar city and 22 km on the Ahar-Varzaghan axis, in East Azarbaijan province, Iran. The geographical coordinates of the study area is N38 29´ and E46 49´. For detection and monitoring of the landslide, the PSIn-SAR method was implemented on 22 ASAR images (with descending orbital modes) recorded between October, 20030502 and 20100709 by ENVISAT satellite in VV Polarization. For detection and monitoring of Dupiagh landslide, the PSInSAR method was implemented on mentioned ASAR images. SARscape5.2 software on the platform of ENVI 5.3 was employed to process the radar images and to extract the persistent scatterers. The PSInSAR processing technique was performed within five stages including: (1) selection of master image or connection graph selection. (2) Interferometry or interferometric workflow stage consisting of co-registration and differential interferogram generation parts. (3) First step inversion for selection of the candidate persistent scatterer points. (4) Inversion: second step including phase unwrapping and filter implementation stages. (5) Geocoding or conversion of the phase into displacement. Finally, The PSInSAR method results compared with dual-frequency -GPS measurement.

Based on the ASAR images processing by PSInSAR method, results showed that some parts of Dupiagh landslide are still active and displacement rate of the this landslide was obtained 12.4 mm/year duration of 2003 to 2010. While, the ground surface displacement velocity was estimated between 58 to -22.5 mm/year in the Ahar Chaiy sub basin duration the mentioned period. The results of GPS measurement indicated that the Dupiagh landslide was inactive duration of observation baseline. Differential RADAR Interferometry (DInSAR) method in detection and monitoring of landslides has been reported in numerous studies. Also, the study suggests that PSInSAR is a powerful technique to determine displacement and spatial pattern of landslides.

Spatial planners are all unanimous in identifying some kind of chaos and unsustainability as far as Iran's space is concerned. The manifestation of this chaotic situation is evident in the unbalanced pattern of regional development and environmental crises. If we treat a country as a system, we will realize that environmental changes usually emerge with a relatively long delay, and that environmental systems sometimes take a few decades to respond to these alteration. Thus, for a better understanding of spatial changes occurring in Iran today, we would do well to cast a glance at the past so that we might hopefully gain some deeper insight. Paradoxically, spatial changes in Iran must be attributed to our modern period as most of them has been imposed consciously and in tune with predetermined plans. About a century has passed since initial attempts were made provide a spatial planning for Iran through designing eleven development programs. We are now in a position to sum up the alleged achievements that the Iranians claim to have gained as a result. Population has increased fivefold. Nomadism system have been virtually destroyed. Rustic- urban proportion has undergone displacement. Fossil fuels have multiplied twenty- one times. Food consumption has increased nine fold. Decrease in six million hectares of forest country. Reduction of thirteen permanent river to three seasonal river Pollution of large cities for one hundred and fifty days. Disintegration of Iran into thirty one administrative sections. Now the question that spatial planners of Iran are faced with is this: What has been the major factor of these spatial changes? The results of this research, which has attempted to analyses such changes in a phenomenological perspective and on the basis of a historical approach. Reveal two crucial point. 1. The spatial changes in Iran stem from changing administrative structures and state divisions over the past hundred years. 2. The changes in the administrative structure of Iran over the past hundred years have resulted in spatial imbalance, growth of city dwelling, local- social identification, change of public to state ownership, reduction in variety of social organization, and environmental damageability of Iran.